Diseases of the Reproductive System Diseases of the Reproductive System

 Diseases of the Reproductive System

 Reproductive disorders are common diseases whose repercussions are alarming and call for quick intervention. Among the reproductive organs affected are the ovaries, testicles, and other endocrine glands like the pituitary, thyroid, and adrenals that produce abnormal hormones. These conditions can also be brought on by infections, tumours, genetic or congenital anomalies, or disorders with no known cause.

Endometriosis External (Medline Plus)

Endometriosis is a condition that affects a woman's uterus, which is where a developing baby is housed when she is pregnant. Endometriosis occurs when tissue that typically lines the uterus develops in an unnatural location. It can develop on the bladder, the bowels, the uterus's back, or the ovaries. It very seldom spreads to other body regions.  

            Causes of Endometriosis

Endometriosis is most likely caused by retrograde menstrual flow. The fallopian tube allows some of the tissue lost during the menstrual cycle to enter other body parts, including the pelvis. Genetic influences. Endometriosis may be inherited because it runs in families.

 

Symptoms of Endometriosis

The main sign of endometriosis is pelvic pain, which is frequently related to menstruation. Although many women suffer cramps throughout their periods, individuals with endometriosis frequently have significantly more severe menstrual pain than usual. Over time, pain may potentially get worse.

Difficult times (dysmenorrhea). Before and for a few days after a period, pelvic pain and cramps are joint. Additionally, lower back and stomach aches are possible.

Intercourse pain. Endometriosis often causes pain during or after sex.

Discomfort when urinating or using the restroom. These symptoms are most likely to occur during a menstrual period.

A lot of blood. Periodically, you might have thick periods or bleed between periods (intermenstrual bleeding).

Infertility. When a person seeks therapy for infertility, endometriosis is occasionally discovered for the first time.

Infertility, painful periods, and "misplaced" tissue are all possible effects. The lower back, pelvis, or abdomen are the sites of pain. Some women have no symptoms, and their inability to conceive may be the first indication of endometriosis.

Prevention of Endometriosis

Cell transformation in the peritoneum. According to the "induction theory," which researchers put out, hormones or immunological factors encourage peritoneal cells, which line the inside of your belly, to change into endometrial-like cells.

Cell transformation in embryos. During puberty, hormones like estrogen may cause embryonic cells, still in the early stages of development, to grow into endometrial-like cell implants.

Implanting a scar following surgery. Endometrial cells may adhere to an incision following surgery, such as a hysterectomy or C-section.

Transport of endometrial cells. Endometrial cells may be transported to different body areas through blood vessels or the tissue fluid (lymphatic) system.

Immune system dysfunction The body may not be able to identify and eliminate endometrial-like tissue that is developing outside the uterus if there is a problem with the immune system.

Treatment of Endometriosis

Medication for pain. A painkiller available over the counter may be suggested by your doctor. Many people find relief from nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medicines (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) or naproxen (Aleve).

Surgery. To remove the most afflicted tissue feasible, your doctor can advise surgery. Surgery may alleviate discomfort in some circumstances and increase your chance of becoming pregnant. Your doctor may perform a routine surgery with more significant cuts or a laparoscope. Sometimes after surgery, the pain returns.

The discomfort associated with endometriosis can be quickly relieved with warm baths, hot water bottles, and heating pads. Following these modifications in lifestyle over time may also be helpful:

Erectile Dysfunction

An individual who is sexually mature but consistently unable to achieve or maintain an erection is said to have erectile dysfunction (ED). About 40% of those with penises suffer from this widespread condition.

                        Causes of Erectile Dysfunction

Both physiological and psychological factors might contribute to ED. The use of therapeutic medications (like antidepressants), ageing, kidney failure, illnesses (such as diabetes or multiple sclerosis), tobacco usage, and therapies for various ailments are examples of physiological causes (such as prostate cancer). Less often occurring psychological factors can include stress, performance anxiety, or mental problems. People with obesity, cardiovascular illness, poor eating habits, and general physical infirmity may also be at higher risk of developing ED. ED may also result from a groin hernia that is left untreated.

Health concerns, emotional problems, or a combination can lead to ED. Additionally, known risk elements include: Ageing after 50, A high blood sugar level (Diabetes), elevated blood pressure, A cardiovascular condition, A high cholesterol level, Using drugs, smoking, or consuming too much alcohol, Getting fat, and Being inactive.

Treatments for Erectile Dysfunction

Depending on the cause or contributing circumstances, ED treatment may vary. For smokers, for instance, quitting smoking may result in a dramatic improvement in ED. It may also be advantageous to improve general physical health by eating less and exercising more frequently. However, oral prescription medications with brand names like Viagra and Cialis are the most often used first-line treatment for ED. By boosting blood flow to the penis, these medications aid ED. Other possible therapies include injecting medications into the penis, putting topical lotions on the penis, or using a vacuum pump that uses negative pressure to suck blood into the penis. If less intrusive methods don't work, more invasive ones could be utilized as a final resort.

           

            Symptoms

Achieving or maintaining an erection firm enough for intercourse might be challenging when you have erectile dysfunction (ED). 

ED may be a serious indicator that a man's vascular system is becoming obstructed, a sign of cardiovascular disease. According to specific research, men with ED are significantly more likely to experience a heart attack, a stroke, or circulation issues in their legs.

Distress for the man and his partner. It is important to treat ED if it hurts a man's relationships or overall health. The goal of treatment is to improve erectile function, circulatory health, and a man's quality of life.

FIBROIDS

Uterine fibroids are noncancerous growths of the uterus that often appear during the childbearing years. Also called leiomyomas (lie-o-my-O-muhs) or myomas, uterine fibroids aren't associated with an increased risk of uterine cancer and rarely develop into cancer.

Symptoms of Fibroids

Excessive or uncomfortable menstrual bleeding (menstruation).

Bleeding in between cycles.

Bloating or a lower abdominal fullness sensation.

Often urinating (this can happen when a fibroid puts pressure on your bladder).

Suffering when having sex.

A sore back.

 

Causes Fibroids

 Genetic alterations Numerous fibroids have gene alterations that are distinct from those found in normal uterine muscle cells.

Hormones. The two hormones estrogen and progesterone, which encourage the uterine lining to form during each menstrual cycle in preparation for pregnancy, also appear to encourage the growth of fibroids.

Compared to regular uterine muscle cells, fibroids have a higher estrogen and progesterone receptors concentration. As hormone production declines after menopause, fibroids frequently get smaller.

Other growth factors. Substances that help the body maintain tissues, such as insulin-like growth factors, may affect fibroid growth.

Extracellular matrix (ECM). ECM is the material that makes cells stick together, like mortar between bricks. ECM is increased in fibroids and makes them fibrous. ECM also stores growth factors and causes biological changes in the cells themselves.

            Prevention of Fibroids

You might be able to lower your chance of developing fibroid by consuming fruits and vegetables and maintaining a healthy weight. Additionally, some data points to a possible link between utilizing hormonal contraceptives and a lower risk of fibroids.

Treatment of Fibroids

Attentive waiting. The doctor could advise the patient to wait it out if you just have minor symptoms or none at all. Fibroids can grow slowly or not at all and are not malignant. After menopause, they could also get smaller or disappear.

Medications. The symptoms of fibroids are treated with medications. Although fibroids won't disappear, some treatments may cause them to decrease. Additionally, they can assist with signs like discomfort and bleeding.

Hormonal contraception can lessen bleeding. Ibuprofen or acetaminophen are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) that can reduce pain. If you're bleeding a lot and have anaemia. As a result, vitamins and iron supplements can aid with energy.

Surgery. Surgery can be required if your symptoms are moderate or severe. Options include myomectomy, Endometrial ablation, Uterine fibroid embolization (UFE), uterine artery embolization (UAE) and Hysterectomy.

 

PROSTATE CANCER

Prostate cancer begins when cells in the prostate gland start to grow out of control. The prostate is a gland found only in males. It makes some of the fluid that is part of semen.

Symptoms of prostate cancer

Often urinating (especially at night)

Urine stream weak

Being unable to urinate

Interruption of the urine flow (stopping and starting)

Having a painful or burning urinating

Blood in the ejaculate or pee

Back, ribs, or hips-related bone pain

Backache

Causes of Prostate Cancer

Prevention of the Prostate cancer

One of the most effective strategies to lower or postpone their chance of getting prostate cancer is the prevention diet. A heart-healthy diet also aids in recovery from treatment and potential nonoccurrence.

Treatment of Prostate cancer

Surgery and radiation therapy. For early-stage prostate cancer, local treatments may get rid of cancer completely. If cancer has spread outside the prostate gland, other treatments (such as medications) may be needed to destroy cancer cells in other body parts.

Causes of prostate cancer

The aberrant cells build up into a tumour, which can spread to invade adjacent tissue. Over time, specific aberrant cells may separate and "metastasize" (spread to other body areas).